Lesson 5 & 6

Juxtaposition
Juxtaposition can be defined as placing two variable, side by side and their contrast or similarity are shown through comparison. Many creative processes rely on juxtaposition. By juxtaposition two objects or words next to each other, human brain will associate or transfer meaning.
A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side as a juxtaposition of words.


Example : 
 <<----unfamiliar
             Aim : ( cute )

<<---familiar

--> The act of juxtaposing is to place two objects or word next to each other. When 2 things post side by side, your brain try to figure what is the relationship between these two?

--> What automatically happen is that there is transferences of meaning. Usually from something familiar to something less familiar. ( What is the relationship? Or the meaning or the similarities? )

Visual Puns

Creating an artwork in which several visual forms which look alike are connected and combined so as to bring out two or more possible meaning.

A visual pun is a pun involving an image or images (in addition to or instead of language).

Visual puns in which the image is at odds with the inscription are common in Dutch gable stones as well as in cartoons such as Lost Consonants or The Far Side. European heraldry contains the technique of canting arms, which can be considered punning.

Analogy ----> Metaphor

                /

                L-->  Similes

Metaphor is a concept of understanding one thing in terms of another. A metaphor is a figure of speech  that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word. For example: "Her eyes were glistening jewels".

Metaphor also denotes rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via association, comparison or resemblance. (e.g : antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and simile, which are all type of metaphor)

Similes is a figure of speech that indirectly compares two different things by employing the words "like", "as", or "than". Even though similes and metaphors are both forms of comparison, similes indirectly compare the two ideas and allow them to remain distinct in spite of their similarities, whereas metaphors compare two things directly. For instance, a simile that compares a person with a bullet would go as follows: "Chris was a record-setting runner and as fast as a speeding bullet." A metaphor might read something like, "When Chris ran, he was a speeding bullet racing along the track."

A mnemonic for a simile is that "a simile is similar or alike."

Analogy (from Greek "ἀναλογία" – analogia, "proportion") is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general. The word analogy can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often, though not necessarily, asimilarity, as in the biological notion of analogy.

Analogy plays a significant role in problem solving, decision making, perception, memory, creativity, emotion, explanation and communication. It lies behind basic tasks such as the identification of places, objects and people, for example, in face perception and facial recognition systems. It has been argued that analogy is "the core of cognition".Specific analogical language comprises exemplification, comparisons, metaphors, similes, allegories, and parables, but not metonymy. Phrases like and so on, and the like,as if, and the very word like also rely on an analogical understanding by the receiver of a message including them. Analogy is important not only in ordinary language andcommon sense (where proverbs and idioms give many examples of its application) but also in science, philosophy and the humanities. The concepts of association, comparison, correspondence, mathematical and morphological homology, homomorphism, iconicity, isomorphism, metaphor, resemblance, and similarity are closely related to analogy. In cognitive linguistics, the notion of conceptual metaphor may be equivalent to that of analogy.

Analogy has been studied and discussed since classical antiquity by philosophers, scientists and lawyers. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notable in cognitive science.

Analogies :

i ) Logical Analogies

ii ) Affective Analogies

. Logical Analogies .

Exp : A bird can be compared to an airplane because both can move on air.

. Affective Analogies .

Exp : The girl is playful like a Monkey.